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largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature. Scopus delivers an overview of the
world’s research output in the fields of science, technology, medicine, social sciences, and arts and
humanities with content from over 5,000 publishers.

Besides searching for research articles, Scopus has been a data source for deriving many bibliometric
indicators and related analytical tools for measuring the performance of journals, institutions and
countries. Managed by the publishing company Elsevier, Scopus indexes journals from the fields of
science, technology, medicine, social sciences, and arts and humanities. It provides research analysis
and tracking tools covering almost 24,000 scholarly journals. It also covers “Articles-in-Press” from
almost 4000 journals, with forthcoming papers in different journals including conference papers.
Scopus currently has over 80 million core records, with the oldest record dating back to 1788, with
almost 1.5 billion cited references.

Scopus indexes metadata from abstracts and references of thousands of publishers, including
Elsevier. Scopus builds additional functionality on top of that metadata, such as citation matching,
author profiles, and affiliation profiles. Scopus indexes nearly the entire Science Direct database, but
without the articles’ full text. It builds the profiles and metrics using that data. Science Direct makes
available full-text scientific, technical, and health publications, primarily published by Elsevier, with
functionalities so that the users can stay well informed and can work more effectively and efficiently.
With over 16 million publications from over 3,800 journals and more than 40,000 e-books from
Elsevier, Science Direct empowers and facilitates quality research.

Google Scholar

The Google Scholar, launched in 2004 by Google Inc., is the world’s largest indexing and citation
database of scholarly literature, covering more academic journals and other scholarly materials than
similar other citation databases such as Scopus, Web of Science etc.. Its sources include peer-reviewed
articles, theses, books, abstracts, and court opinions from academic publishers and professional
societies, online preprint repositories, universities, subject gateways and other scholarly organizations.
While Google does not publish the size of Google Scholar’s database, bibliometric researchers estimate
it to contains roughly 390 million documents including articles, citations, and patents making it the
world’s largest academic search engine. Google Scholar found 88 per cent of all these citations,
many of which were not found by the other sources, and nearly all other citations found by the
remaining sources (89-94 per cent).
Besides, being the world’s largest search engine for academic literature, it provides a simple way to
search broadly for diverse scholarly literature. Google Scholar sorts articles by full text of each article,
the author, the journal in which the article appears, and how often the article has been cited in other
scholarly literature, so that the most relevant results are returned on the first page. It also explores
related works, citations, authors and publications, locates the complete document through the web,
besides it keeps up with recent developments in any area of research. At the author level, it tracks
citations to articles, see who is citing them, present graphically citations over time, and creates a public
author profile.

Microsoft Academic

Developed by Microsoft Research and launched in 2014, Microsoft Academic is a large subscription-
free public web search engine for academic publications and literature. Re-launched in 2016, the
tool features an entirely new data structure and search engine using semantic search technologies.

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