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GLOSSARY

Altmetrics: Stands for “alternative metrics”. The “alternative” part references traditional measurements
of academic success such as citation counts, journal prestige (impact factor), and author H-index.

Authorship: Defines the role of a creator; whose intention is to circulate original ideas and intellectual
works. In scholarly publishing, in particular, the role of the author carries significant responsibility,
legal rights, and privileges. Authorship provides credit for an individual’s contributions to a study and
carries accountability.

Improper Author Contribution or Attribution: All listed authors must have made a significant
scientific contribution to the research in the manuscript and approved all its claims.

Types of Authorship: Inappropriate types of authorship include:
Anonymous Authorship. Authorship should be transparent and it requires public account-
ability, it is not appropriate to use pseudonyms or to publish scientific reports anony-
mously.
Authorship for Sale. Some instances have been reported in which non-authors have at-
tempted to buy authorship from an author of a paper, often after the paper has been
invited for revision or provisionally accepted.
Deceased or Incapacitated Authors. Pertains to cases in which a co-author dies or is incapaci-
tated during the writing, submission, or peer-review process, co-authors should obtain
disclosure and copyright documentation from a familial or legal proxy.
Ghost Authorship. Ghost authors participate in the research, data analysis, and/or writing
of a manuscript but are not named or disclosed in the author by-line or acknowledg-
ments.
Group Authorship. Group authorship may be appropriate when a group of researchers has
collaborated on a project, such as a multi-centre trial, a consensus document, or an ex-
pert panel.

Guest Authorship: Guest authorship has been defined as authorship based solely on an
expectation that inclusion of a particular name will improve the chances that the study
will be published or increase the perceived status of the publication. The ‘guest’ author
makes no discernible contributions to the study, so this person meets none of the criteria
for authorship.
Honorary or Gift Authorship. Honorary or gift authorship has been defined as authorship
based solely on a tenuous affiliation with a study. A salient example would be ‘authorship;
based on one’s position as the head of a department in which the study took place.
Bibliometrics: The use of statistical methods to study the bibliographic data to analyse the impact
of research outputs using quantitative measures. It is the quantitative method of citation and content
analysis for scholarly journals, books and researchers.
Citations: In-text citations are similar to references, but occur in the body of the text with direct
quotes and paraphrases to identify the author/publication for the material used or cited.

Citation Analysis: The process whereby the impact or ‘quality’ of an article is assessed by counting
the number of times other authors mention it in their work. Citation analysis involves counting the
number of times an article is cited by other works to measure the impact of a publication or author.

Clone Journal: A counterfeit mirror of an authentic journal that exploit the title and ISSN of

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